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BOOK REVIEW: ARISTOTLE’S POETICS

June 16, 2026article, Book review and excerpts, book review, book synopsis, book synopsis, book talk, book talk,, Uncategorizedaristotelian, aristotle, aristotle's poetics, art, books, euripides, greek drama, hegel, kamlesh tripathi, literature, nietzsche, philosophy, poetics, shravan charity mission, sophocles, tragedyshravancharitymission

BOOK REVIEW: ARISTOTLE’S POETICS:

Kamlesh Tripathi

Aristotle’s Poetics, written in the 4th century BCE, is one of the oldest and most influential works of literary theory in the Western tradition. Though originally part of a larger body of work, only the section on tragedy has survived in full. The other parts, especially those dealing with comedy and epic poetry, are largely lost or only referenced in later writings. Despite being incomplete, Poetics has had a profound and enduring impact on how literature, particularly drama, is analysed and understood.

At its core, Poetics is Aristotle’s attempt to systematically explain the principles of dramatic art, with a specific focus on tragedy. Drawing on earlier Greek drama and the works of playwrights such as Sophocles and Euripides, Aristotle establishes a framework for evaluating and constructing effective tragedies. His method is analytic and empirical. He studies successful tragedies to derive general principles, rather than constructing abstract theories without reference to practice.

One of the central concepts introduced in Poetics is mimesis, often translated as “imitation.” Aristotle asserts that all art is essentially an imitation of life, but this imitation is not mere copying. Instead, it represents a process of distillation and representation through which the artist conveys universal truths. In tragedy, mimesis takes the form of portraying serious and complete actions that evoke specific emotional responses from the audience.

Aristotle identifies six essential elements of tragedy: plot (mythos), character (ethos), thought (dianoia), diction (lexis), melody (melos), and spectacle (opsis). Among these, he places the highest importance on plot, defining it as “the soul of tragedy.” For Aristotle, a good plot must have unity, meaning all its parts contribute to a single, coherent whole. It should also possess a beginning, middle, and end, adhering to a logical and chronological sequence of events.

A key feature of an effective plot, according to Aristotle, is peripeteia (reversal) and anagnorisis (recognition). Peripeteia is a sudden reversal of fortune for the protagonist, often from good to bad. At the same time, anagnorisis is the moment of critical discovery or recognition, particularly of a character’s true identity or situation. These elements are central to achieving the emotional effect that Aristotle sees as the primary goal of tragedy: catharsis.

Catharsis is one of the most debated concepts in Poetics. It refers to the purging or purification of the emotions of pity and fear that tragedy is meant to elicit. While scholars disagree on whether Aristotle meant catharsis as psychological cleansing or moral-ethical clarification, it is clear that he viewed the audience’s emotional experience as essential to the function of tragedy. By experiencing intense emotions in a controlled environment, the audience gains insight, self-awareness, and emotional balance.

Character is the second most important element after plot. Aristotle emphasises that characters should be “good,” “appropriate,” “lifelike,” and “consistent.” However, he makes it clear that character is subordinate to plot. It is not the portrayal of character that makes a tragedy powerful, but how the characters serve the unfolding of the action. The protagonist of a tragedy is typically a person of noble status who possesses a tragic flaw or hamartia, a mistake or error in judgment that leads to their downfall. This flaw is not necessarily a moral failing, but rather a misstep that triggers a chain of events ending in catastrophe.

Aristotle contrasts tragedy with epic poetry, noting that while both share many elements, tragedy is more concentrated and immediate. Epic poetry, exemplified by Homer’s works, can encompass many stories and span long periods of time. Tragedy, by contrast, confines itself to a single plotline and typically takes place within the span of a single day. This concentration, Aristotle argues, gives tragedy a greater intensity and impact.

Though Poetics focuses almost entirely on tragedy, it laid the groundwork for centuries of literary criticism and theory. The Renaissance saw a revival of Aristotelian principles in the dramatic unities of time, place, and action, which were extrapolated from his emphasis on unity of plot. Later thinkers, including German philosophers like Hegel and Nietzsche, further developed Aristotelian ideas, while modern theorists have both built upon and challenged his assertions.

Critics of Poetics have pointed out its limitations, especially its narrow focus on a particular type of Greek tragedy. Aristotle privileges structure and form over thematic depth or emotional complexity in character, which contrasts with later literary traditions that emphasise character development or social commentary. Moreover, his prescriptions for drama may seem rigid when applied to diverse literary forms across cultures and time periods.

Nevertheless, the enduring influence of Poetics lies in its pioneering effort to systematise literary analysis. Aristotle’s emphasis on structure, causality, and emotional effect continues to inform the way stories are told and understood, not only in literature but also in film, theatre, and even narrative psychology.

In conclusion, Poetics is a milestone in the study of literature. Aristotle’s dissection of tragedy into its constituent elements and his articulation of how and why it works remain relevant even today. While the specifics of dramatic art have evolved, the core questions that Aristotle raised about the nature of art, the function of narrative, and the emotional impact of storytelling continue to resonate in contemporary discourse.

Written and posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

Author, Poet, & Columnist

https://kamleshsujata.wordpress.com

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THE FAMOUS FIVE … FIVE ON FINNISTON FARM by Enid Blyton

January 24, 2026book corner, book review, Book review and excerpts, Uncategorizedamerica, annie, bill, books, castle, cellar, dagger, dick, durleston, enid blyton, finniston, five on finniston farm, food, george, gold, harriet, henning, henry, history, jacksaw, jamie, julian, junior, kamlesh tripathi, nosey, philpot, POLITICS, shravan charity mission, snippet, sword, the famous five, timmy, travel, twinsshravancharitymission

The Famous Five spend their summer holidays at Finniston Farm as paying guests. On arrival, they are greeted by the pleasant Mrs Philpot and her identical twins, Henry and Harriet. The twins seem to take an instant dislike to the Five, who also meet two fellow paying guests: an American, Mr Henning and his son, Junior. Mr Henning plans to buy antique pieces from the farm and sell them in America. Mr and Mrs Philpot agree to sell their farm treasures as they need the money. However, the family’s hot-tempered Great Granddad feels the antiques should remain in England.

Mr Henning and his son Junior prove themselves a nuisance to the household by rudely ordering Mrs Philpot around. Sympathetic to her, the Five offer to help with farm chores. When Junior demands breakfast in bed, George teaches him a lesson, making him agree to be more pleasant. This wins the hearts of the twins, and they make friends with the Five.

Anne and George visit a nearby antique shop, owned by a Mr Finniston, who tells them about a secret passage from Finniston Castle to an old chapel and cellars where royal treasure might be hidden. The girls excitedly reveal the news to the boys and the twins. Together, they plan to hunt for the cellars on the farm. They come across the castle’s kitchen midden and realise they are close to finding the treasure.

Junior spies on them and goes to break the news to his father and his father’s friend, Mr Durleston, who decide to excavate the castle site, find the fortune and sell the antique treasure in America. Mr and Mrs Philpot consent to the excavation, much to the dismay of the children. The children dig around the site, hoping to beat the men in finding the treasure. Initially, they are unsuccessful, but the twins’ dog, Snippet and their jacksaw, Nosey, lead them to a burrow, beneath which the secret passage stretches out.

The children discover the cellars and the treasure, including old daggers, sword and gold, which are worth a fortune; only to become trapped inside the tunnel when the entrance caves in. They take another way and reach a trapdoor under the old chapel, which is now used as a storehouse. The farmhands, Bill and Jamie, hear their shouts and let them out. The children get back to the farm and tell their exciting story to the astonished adults. The next day, Mr Henning and Mr Durleston try to trick the Philpots into believing the site has no treasure and offer them a meagre amount. However, Mr Philpot, backed up by his granddad and Mr (William) Finniston, declines the offer, making it clear they will excavate the site themselves and no longer want the Americans to stay. The adventure ends with Julian, Dick, Anne and George, along with Timmy, planning to stay at the farm to observe the excavation of the treasure.

It is an interesting read, and I would give it eight out of ten.

Written and posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

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FIVE GO TO DEMON’S ROCKS … by Enid Blyton

November 5, 2025book corner, book review, Book review and excerpts, Uncategorizedanne, books, dick, enid blyton, five go to demons rocks, george, jeremiah, julian, kamlesh tripathi, kirrin cottage, one ear bill, quenten, sex, shravan charity mission, sports, technology, tinker, writingshravancharitymission

Five Go to Demon’s Rocks is the nineteenth novel in The Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1961.

Irascible scientist Quentin Kirrin informs his wife, Fanny, that his colleague, Professor Hayling, will be arriving a week early for a stay at Kirrin Cottage. The professor is accompanied by his son, Tinker, who often has a sudden urge to start imitating vehicular noises and has brought his pet monkey, Mischief. It is also described that Tinker imitates such noises when he is upset or when someone has been ‘horrid’ to him. Also arriving are Quentin and Fanny’s daughter, George, and her cousins, Julian, Dick and Anne, and George’s dog, Timmy. The ensuing crowded and noisy household upsets the two scientists, prompting Tinker to propose that the children spend their holiday at his abandoned lighthouse at Demon’s Rocks, located 10 miles away.

After settling in at the lighthouse, the children meet an elderly retired sailor, Jeremiah Boogle, who tells them of his youthful encounters with three villains who lured ships to Demon’s Rocks and plundered the wrecks. He says the ringleader, One-Ear Bill, hid a treasure trove which has never been found. Two of One-Ear Bill’s descendants, Jacob and Ebenezer, now show tourists through the wreckers’ cave. Jacob burgles some items from the lighthouse and also steals the key. When the children visit the cave, Mischief discovers a gold coin. Later, Ebenezer and Jacob lock the children in the lighthouse to prevent them from returning to the cave to hunt for the treasure, but Julian and Dick enter the cave network via a tunnel and discover the treasure. Unable to reach the mainland because of the rising tide, they return to the lighthouse, light its lamp and ring an old warning bell amid a fierce gale to alert the villagers to their fate. Jacob and Ebenezer flee, and the children are rescued the next morning. Julian and Dick declare they will recover the treasure for the police, and then the children will return to Kirrin Cottage.

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Book Review: The New Geography Of Innovation: The Global Contest For Breakthrough Technologies … by Mehran Gul.

October 19, 2025author profile, book corner, book launch, book review, Book review and excerpts, book review, book synopsis, Uncategorizedai, apple, artificial-intelligence, austin, baidu, bengaluru, business, bytedance, china, communist party, germany, kamlesh tripathi, korea chaebol, Mehran Gul, miami, new york, shenzhen, shravan charity mission, silicon valley, switzerland, technology, tencent, the new geography of innovation: the global contest for breakthrough technologiesshravancharitymission

TIMES OF INDIA 11/10/25

HOW DO YOU CREATE A HOT TECH HUB?

–Via a culture that’s open to change and normalises risk-taking–

    The US-China big power competition is the defining geopolitical issue of our times. Undergirding this dynamic is the race for tech, especially AI. In The New Geography Of Innovation: The Global Contest For Breakthrough Technologies, Mehran Gul investigates whether US’s Silicon Valley still retains near-monopoly over cutting-edge tech, or have other global locations such as China’s Shenzhen and even the greater London area taken over that mantle. Plus, what’s truly conducive for creating a hot tech eco-system? Is there a secret sauce that America has and China appears to have replicated? The answers are complex.
    At first glance. China’s breakneck development in tech over the last decade appears to be eclipsing Silicon Valley. But closer inspection reveals a nuanced picture. True, Silicon Valley is undergoing change – described in the book as a vibrant rainforest being converted into controlled farmlands. But that necessarily doesn’t translate into US tech decline, the author says. New American tech hubs are coming up in New York, Miami and Austin that are taking the flame of Silicon Valley forward.
    China, on the other hand, has created its own tech champions like Tencent, Baidu and ByteDance in record time. It certainly has speed on its side, and it’s quality and volume of research has also improved tremendously. But it’s still not doing pathbreaking research like US. Why? A combination of factors that includes strict guardrails of the Communist Party -exemplified by the 2021 crackdown on Chinese tech firms – a Chinese university system that is not quite yet at par with American universities, and an environment where govt policy guides the direction of innovation.
    But to settle the debate, one statistic is enough to confirm US’s continued tech dominance: Apple became the first American tech company to cross a trillion-dollar valuation in 2018 with seven other American companies joining it since, but the rest of the whole world, including China, doesn’t even have one.
What then is the secret to successful tech eco-systems? The author interviews scores of tech entrepreneurs and stalwarts across geographies and comes to a somewhat underwhelming answer: there is no set formula. Almost all successful tech companies look the same. But they can come up in very different circumstances. In UK, the Greater London area is where all the action is. But that has come at the cost of increasing regional disparity that not only puts London at a risk but also undermines the dynamism of UK’s tech story. This disparity was also a reason for Brexit.
Switzerland and Germany have great education and no shortage of talent or infra, but their local cultural preference for stability over risk means they are just not able to realise the same tech innovation potential as US or China. South Korea and Singapore created their miracles through huge govt support. But there are also limitations to this approach as seen by calls to reform Korea’s chaebols.
But one thing appears clear, according to the author; societies that are more receptive to change appear to have a better chance of fostering tech successes. That means openness to talent, openness to Innovation, and openness to risks. In the Indian context, we may have Bengaluru. But we need many more Bengalurus that incentivise tech entrepreneurship and risk taking. That means a policy framework that fosters innovation and a culture shift that normalises failure. India has lots of catching up to do.

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Book Review: The Roads of Destiny … by O Henry

September 24, 2025article, author profile, book corner, book review, Book review and excerpts, book stall, book synopsis, Uncategorizeddavid, kamlesh tripathi, literature, mutton, O Henry, poem, poems, poetry, shravan charity mission, the roads of destiny, writingshravancharitymission

O. Henry’s The Roads of Destiny may not be a structured poem, but it carries a poetic spirit by way of exploration of fate, choice, and the unpredictable nature of life. The story is about a man named David who stands at a crossroad, literally and figuratively, and each road represents a different future. Through this branching narrative, O. Henry entreats readers to ponder how small choices can lead to vastly different outcomes, and how fate can shape our lives in ways we don’t expect. Although written in prose, the theme and emotions in the story are rich with poetic meaning.

The story’s central theme is how fragile and powerful our choices could be. O. Henry conveys that even decisions that seem minor can send our lives into different directions. Life is full of small, quiet moments that later turn out to be incredibly important. A step to the left or the right might not seem significant in the moment, but later it could be the reason why everything changed. Every decision holds a potential. Life is made up of many such turning points, often unrecognized until we look back.

Closely tied to personal choice is the grip of fate. In each stage of David’s life, no matter which road he takes, he ends up facing difficult or tragic outcomes. This suggests that fate has a stronger grip on our lives than we would like to believe. The author doesn’t present fate as something harsh or cruel, but rather as mysterious and unpredictable. We walk ahead thinking we know where we’re going. But the road can suddenly curve into a completely unexpected direction. This uncertainty gives life its beauty and its difficulty. The poetic lesson here is that though we may have no control where the road leads to, we still have to walk it.

Life’s unpredictability is another theme that gives the story its emotional weight. David’s various life unfolds in unexpected ways, proving that no plan is ever guaranteed. Even when we try to do the right thing or follow a certain path, we can’t guarantee how things will turn out. O. Henry’s storytelling reminds us that surprises, both joyful and tragic, are always around the corner and they will get you. This paradigm of unpredictability is common in poetry, where meaning often emerges in layers and can shift with time or mood. Just like an intricate poem, life unfolds with twists and surprises that challenge our understanding.

Time also plays a pivotal role in the story. It moves forward no matter which path David takes, and it never pauses or gives him a second chance. The passing of time gives weight to our choices because we rarely get an opportunity to revisit them. This is another idea that feels deeply poetic: time is always moving, and once a moment passes, it becomes a memory. The story implores readers to be mindful of the time they have and the decisions they make within it. It also encourages reflection. Looking back at the roads we’ve taken and wondering how things might have been different.

Regret and reflection are intertwined themes that show up throughout David’s story. Each life he lives seems to carry a shadow of what might have been if he had chosen to live differently. This idea is emotionally powerful because almost everyone, at some point, has wondered “what if?” Regret isn’t always a loud or dramatic feeling. It can be quiet, something that lingers as we look back into the past. O. Henry captures this subtle emotion in a way that feels similar to poetry, where a single line can express a lifetime of feeling.

The author uses irony in a poetic way. In each of David’s paths, he faces hardships despite choosing different directions. This irony teaches us that even when we try to avoid danger or seek happiness, we can’t always escape what life has in store for us. The roads of destiny seem to curve back towards difficulty no matter which road he chooses. This twist reflects O. Henry’s trademark storytelling style. In poetry, irony often reveals the hidden truths and helps readers think more deeply about life’s contradictions.

Perspective is another layer that deepens the story’s meaning. Often, we only understand the importance of a choice or event after the time has passed. What appears small at the moment may turn out to be life-changing. Just as a poem seems confusing at first and later makes perfect sense, our understanding of our own lives also changes with the perspective. This reminds us to look at our lives with curiosity and patience. The meaning of life sometimes reveals itself slowly.

All these ideas connect to the phrase “difficult poems make easy mutton.” Though it’s a playful and unusual expression, it captures an important truth: sometimes, the things that are hardest to understand at first—like complex poems or life’s confusing events—can later become clear and deeply meaningful. Just as tough meat becomes tender after careful preparation, a difficult story or experience can eventually offer comfort, insight, or wisdom. The Roads of Destiny is that kind of story. At first glance, it seems simple, but the more you think about it, the more it says about life, choice, and the strange, beautiful mystery of where we end up.

Written and posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

Author, Poet, & Columnist

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Dramatic Ends, Enduring Bonds: A Tale of Three Love Stories published in City Essence magazine

September 5, 2025article, Book review and excerpts, book synopsis, book talk, Uncategorizeda service of love, kamlesh tripathi, o henri, romeo & Juliet, short story, shravan charity mission, The gift of magi, william shakespeareshravancharitymission

Don’t miss my article that discusses and compares three love stories written by William Shakespeare and O Henri. Happy reading.

Written and posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

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https://kamleshsujata.wordpress.com

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BOOK CORNER: THE FINAL DIAGNOSIS by Arthur Hailey

August 25, 2025book corner, book launch, book review, Book review and excerpts, book review, book synopsis, book stall, book synopsis, book talk, book talk,, Uncategorizedamputation, art, arthur hailey, books, doctor, food, joseph pearson, kamlesh tripathi, medical, pathologist, pennysylvania, shravan charity mission, the final diagnosis, travelshravancharitymission

Illness … doctor … pathologist … investigation … diagnosis … treatment. Yes, I’m talking about THE FINAL DIAGNOSIS by Arthur Hailey.

At times, even an ace pathologist might have to send his findings in the form of slides to two experts who are contemporaries in the same discipline. Where one might say the tumour is malignant and the other non-malignant or benign.

So then, what does Chief Pathologist, Dr Joseph Pearson, finally script as his … final diagnosis? The basis on which the surgeon would have to decide whether the amputation of the leg is required or not. The pathologist is often known as the doctor the patient seldom sees.

In ‘THE FINAL DIAGNOSIS’, author Arthur Hailey unveils the tension-packed drama that is being played in the mammoth complexity of a great hospital. A world where one faulty diagnosis or one irrevocable error precipitates into appalling tragedies.

In the enthralling story, there is a continuous struggle between the Chief of Surgery, Kent O’ Donnel and Dr Joe (Joseph) Pearson, Chief Pathologist, who was once an ace pathologist, but with the passage of time, he has stagnated, which he realises towards the end of his career.

The book also describes the struggle of a young pathologist, David Coleman, who happens to be Dr Joe Pearson’s deputy, in terms of restoring the standards of a hospital laboratory. Controlled by the ageing but once brilliant doctor Joseph Pearson, Hailey takes us behind the reception areas, and into those emergency rooms and the bustling world of medicine, to reveal those hidden corridors of a world that the patient never gets to see.

The centre of action is the three-counties hospital in Burlington in Pennsylvania. The novel has a plethora of characters … the prime being:

Orden Brown—Chairman of Three Counties Hospital

Eustace Swayne—Board Member and a retail magnet of a departmental store empire.

Doctor Joseph Pearson—Chief Pathologist around whom the entire novel revolves.

Doctor Kent O’ Donnel—Chief of Surgery and Head of the Medical Board.

Doctor David Coleman—Deputy to Doctor Joseph Pearson

Doctor Charles Dornberger—The baby’s doctor … Paediatrician

Doctor Lucy Grainger—Orthopaedic Surgeon

Hilda Straugham—Chief Dietitian

Vivian Lobourton—Trainee nurse

Mike Seddons—Doctor

Alexander and his wife, Elizabeth.

The language is moving and precise, with tailor-made sentences that fit the bill. There is usage of high-toned vocabulary, but it doesn’t give that shade of verbosity. The intensity and tone of the sentences change as frequently as the change of scene. The flow of the book gives you a feel as if you’re seeing and not reading—something close to a movie. Most descriptions are vivid as if you are witnessing the scene. Especially, the ones that describe the happenings in autopsy, pathology and even surgery.

The novel makes an important point for doctors through the Chief Pathologist, Dr Pearson. One should never give up his or her pursuit as far as the latest inventions in the medical world are concerned, no matter how much pressure of work there is. For that was the sole cause of doctor Pearson’s failure. And that holds good for any career today.

And the scenes when Vivian is diagnosed with cancer and when Alexanders lose their newborn baby because of a faulty medical blood test report in the hospital are nail-biting and highly emotive.

I would give nine out of ten to this book. So, don’t just miss it.

One last point—I was amazed at the manner in which these doctors smoked in the hospital and drank at parties. And to their patients, they must be canvassing otherwise. It is said about authors that they try and paint the real picture of the times when the novel was written. I now believe in it ever more. This novel was written way back in 1959. Pick it up even if you have to find time.

Written and posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

Author, Poet, & Columnist

https://kamleshsujata.wordpress.com

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Book Review: Voice For The Voiceless … Review in The Shillong Times by Kamlesh Tripathi

June 6, 2025book corner, book launch, book review, Book review and excerpts, book review, book synopsis, book stall, book synopsis, book talk, UncategorizedDalai Lama, kamlesh tripathi, shravan charity mission, Voice for the voicelessshravancharitymission

Book Review: The Voice for The Voiceless by Kamlesh Tripathi in The Shillong Times

Written and posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

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BOOK REVIEW: A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIMEKEEPING: THE SCIENCE OF MARKING TIME, FROM STONEHENGE TO ATOMIC CLOCKS BY CHAD ORZEL

June 1, 2024book corner, book launch, book review, Book review and excerpts, book review, book synopsis, book talk,, casual causeriea brief history of timekeeping, chad orzel, clocks, kamlesh tripathi, shravan charity missionshravancharitymission

I give this book eight out of ten. Don’t miss reading it.

Chad ORZEL is the author of the international bestseller ‘How to Teach Quantum Physics to Your Dog”. His recent title ‘A Brief History of Timekeeping: The Science of Marking Time, from Stonehenge to Atomic Clocks’ is another bestseller. The title is published by Oneworld Publications and distributed by Simon & Schuster. The price of the book is Rs 741. The title has a thick spine of over 300 pages. Chad Orzel is a professor of physics and a science author, noted for his book ‘How to Teach Quantum Physics to Your Dog’, translated into 9 languages. His other similar-sounding title is ‘How to Teach Relativity to Your Dog’. Chad as a science communicator is a regular contributor on Forbes.com, his website and on ScienceBlogs.com, while continuing with his work as an associate professor at Union College.

The book has a long list of contents. It is divided into 16 chapters. The chapter headings seem to be very interesting: They are as follows: 1. A Clock is a Thing That Ticks 1. Sunrise 2. The Sun, the Moon, and the Stars 3. “Give Us Our Eleven Days!” 4. The Apocalypse That Wasn’t 5. Drips and Drops 6. Ticks and Ticks 7. Heavenly Wanderers 8. Celestial Clockwork 9. To the Moon … 10. Watch This 11. Does Anybody Really Know What Time It is? 12. The Measure of Space-Time 13. Quantum Clocks 14. Time and Gravity 15. Time Enough for Everyone and 16. The Future of Time.

The author teaches in the picturesque campus of Union College in Schenectady, New York. The college features lush green quads surrounded by columned buildings full of classrooms, labs, and offices. Like most college campuses, it’s also full of clocks. There is the tower clock in Memorial Chapel, whose chimes regularly ring out to mark the hours. The subject title is a virtual journey through the science that grew up alongside centuries of human efforts to measure the passage of time. Beginning with the oldest known solstice-marking monuments, the narrative explores the astronomy of the solar system and the features that determine the sun’s path across the sky. The efforts to better understand the motion of the sun and planets led to the development of Newtonian physics, and we’ll see how this enables the technology to build mechanical clocks. The book discusses revolutionary developments in the physics of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics that eventually led to the alterations of standards of timekeeping based on the motion of physical objects (like the pendulum of a mechanical clock) by modern atomic clocks that count the oscillations of light. The narration is not only a story of abstract science and technology. It also includes intriguing elements of politics and philosophy. The narrative looks at the social aspects of calendar systems like the intricate mix of cycles in the Mayan calendar at their peak around 500 CE, the theological considerations that led Europe to adopt the Gregorian calendar nearly a thousand years later, and the political negotiations that produced our modern system of time zones.

When one year ends, another begins. This is how we discipline time into manageable units. But what sort of time order does a calendar impose, and what is it based on? With another new year, the same old conundrum of calendars begins. Calendars are inexact efforts to track time. The book narrates how the science of tracking time has obsessed every era and location. Human beings have explored the patterns and cycles of the sun, moon and stars in different combinations to mark time. While it may seem universal, the modern calendar of 12 (almost) equal months in a rigid sequence was shaped by thousands of years of theology and politics, but also astronomy: the seasonal motion of the sun and moon across the horizon and the variable lengths of day. Human beings have divided the year into 12 segments, but the stars and planets are not so accommodating says the author. If the moon went a little slower, to take exactly 30 days, and if Earth orbited, the sun a little quicker, in 360 days, celestial timekeeping would be a breeze, there would be no irregular months, and no need to remember that September has 30 days and July 31. Between the sun and the moon, something’s got to give. A perfect calendar where the solstices and equinoxes fall on the same dates is impossible to construct, though much effort has gone into it. One way to deal with the incompatible cycles of the sun and moon is to forget the moon altogether. The ancient civil calendar of Egypt, with 360 days and 12 months in three seasons, did exactly this. It hitched to the position of the star Sirius and the flooding of the Nile. The Roman or Julian calendar learnt from this to go with 365.25 days, with months between 30 and 31 days, and a leap year every four years with an extra day. This calendar brought much-needed stability to agricultural and astronomical events, synced with the civil months and seasons. Calendar reform became a pressing issue for mathematically minded Christians who wanted to fix the date of Easter, with an English monk in 1297 describing the Julian calendar as ‘intolerable, horrible and laughable’. Pope Gregory XIII in 1572 set up a committee to settle the matter. The Gregorian calendar is most successfully synced with the tropical year, with a mere 26 seconds of difference; it will take 3,323 years before the date of the March equinox slips by a day. In counterpoint to these calendars is the highly sophisticated system of Mayan timekeeping. There was a widespread notion that Mayan astronomers considered December 21, 2012, to be the end of the world, but this trivialises their complex astronomical and mathematical learning. Their numbers were based on 20s, rather than 10s, and their 260-day cycle has to do with the experience of light in the tropics, marked by ‘zenith crossing’ days when the sun is directly overhead. They didn’t have a concept of doomsday but imagined time in endlessly repeating cycles. Calendars are social constructs, the book says we standardised railway schedules and time zones to facilitate industrial modernity, and we need this precision to keep our world ticking, but the eccentric orbits of celestial bodies don’t fully cooperate.

Posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

https://kamleshsujata.wordpress.com

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Shravan Charity Mission is an NGO that works for poor children suffering from life-threatening diseases, especially cancer. Our posts are meant for our readers, including children and adults, and have a huge variety in content. We also accept donations for our mission. Should you wish to donate to the cause? The bank details are given below:

NAME OF ACCOUNT: SHRAVAN CHARITY MISSION

Account no: 680510110004635 (BANK OF INDIA)

IFSC code: BKID0006805

Kamlesh Tripathi’s Publications

GLOOM BEHIND THE SMILE

(The book is about a young cancer patient. Now archived in 8 prestigious libraries of the US which include Harvard College Library; Harvard University Library; Library of Congress; University of Washington, Seattle; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Yale University, New Haven; University of Chicago; University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill University Libraries. It can also be accessed at MIT through Worldcat.org. Besides, it is also available for reading in libraries and archives of Canada; Cancer Aid and Research Foundation Mumbai; Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida, India; Shoolini University, Yogananda Knowledge Center, Himachal Pradesh and Azim Premzi University, Bangalore).

ONE TO TANGO … RIA’S ODYSSEY

(Is a book on ‘singlehood’ about a Delhi girl now archived in Connemara Library, Chennai and Delhi Public Library, GOI, Ministry of Culture, Delhi; It is also available for reading in the Indian National Bibliography, March 2016, in the literature section, in Central Reference Library, Ministry of Culture, India, Belvedere, Kolkata-700022)

AADAB LUCKNOW … FOND MEMORIES

(Is a fiction written around the great city of Nawabs—Lucknow. It describes Lucknow in great detail and also talks about its Hindu-Muslim amity, which is the undying characteristic of Lucknow. The book was launched at the Lucknow International Literary Festival in 2014. It is included for reading in Askews and Holts Library Services, Lancashire, U.K; Herrick District Library, Holland and Charlotte-Mecklenburg Library, Mecklenburg County in North Carolina, USA; Black Gold Cooperative Library Administration, Arroyo Grande, California; Berkeley Library, University of California).

REFRACTIONS … FROM THE PRISM OF GOD

(Co-published by Cankids–Kidscan, a pan India NGO and Shravan Charity Mission, that works for child cancer in India. The book is endorsed by Ms Preetha Reddy, MD Apollo Hospitals Group. It was launched at the Lucknow International Literary Festival in 2016).

TYPICAL TALE OF AN INDIAN SALESMAN

(Is a story of an Indian salesman who is, humbly qualified. Yet he fights his way through unceasing uncertainties to reach the top. A good read not only for salesmen. The book was launched on 10^th February 2018 at Gorakhpur Lit-Fest. Now available on Amazon, Flipkart and Onlinegatha)

RHYTHM … in poems

(Published in January 2019. The book contains 50 poems. The poems describe our day-to-day life. A few poems from the book have been published in Shillong Times, Bandra Times and Bhavan’s Journal. The book is available on Amazon, Flipkart and Onlinegatha)

MIRAGE

(Published in February 2020. The book is a collection of eight short stories available on Amazon, Flipkart and Notion Press)

AWADH ASSAM AND DALAI LAMA … The Kalachakra

(The story of the man who received His Holiness The Dalai Lama and his retinue in 1959 as a GOI representative when he fled Tibet in 1959. The book was launched on 21^st November 2022 by His Holiness The Dalai Lama at Dharmshala. The title is archived in the library of the Department of Information and International Relations (DIIR) Government of Tibet, Tibet Policy Institute (TPI) and the personal library of His Holiness The Dalai Lama. The title is also archived in The Ohio Digital Library, USA. It was recently included in the digital library of the world-renowned company APPLE).

BHAVANS JOURNAL

Short stories, Book reviews and Articles published in Bhavan’s Journal: 1. Reality and Perception, 15.10.19; 2. Sending the Wrong Message, 31.5.20; 3. Eagle versus Scholars June, 15 & 20, 2020; 4. Indica, 15.8.20; 5. The Story of King Chitraketu, August 31 2020; 6. Breaking Through the Chakravyuh, September 30 2020. 7. The Questioning Spouse, October 31, 2020; 8. Happy Days, November 15, 2020; 9. The Karma Cycle of Paddy and Wheat, December 15, 2020; 10. Power Vs Influence, January 31, 2021; 11. Three Refugees, March 15, 2021; 12. Rise and Fall of Ajatashatru, March 31, 2021; 13. Reformed Ruler, May 15, 2021; 14. A Lasting Name, May 31, 2021; 15. Are Animals Better Teachers? June 16, 2021; 16. Book Review: The Gram Swaraj, 1.7.21; 17. Right Age for Achievements, 15.7.21; 18. Big Things Have Small Beginnings, 15.8.21; 19. Where is Gangaridai?, 15.9.21; 20. Confront the Donkey Within You 30.9.21; 21. Know Your Strengths 15.10.21; 22. Poverty 15.11.21; 23. Top View 30.11.21; 24. The Bansuriwala 15.1.22; 25. Sale of Alaska 15.2.22; 26. The Dimasa Kingdom 28.2.22;27. Buried Treasure 15.4.22; 28. The Kingdom of Pragjyotisha 30.4.22; 29. Who is more useful? 15.5.22; 30. The White Swan from Lake Mansarovar 30.6.22; 31. Bhool Bhulayya 15.9.22; 32. Good Karma 30.9.22; 33. Good Name vs Bad Name 15.10.22; 34. Uttarapath—The Grand Trunk Road 1.12.22; 35. When Gods Get Angry 1.1.23; 36. Holinshed’s Chronicles 15.1.23; 37. Theogony 15.2.23; 38. Poem: Mother 14.5.23; 39. THE NAG MANDIR 30.6.23; 40. The Story of Garuda 30.7.23; 41. Janmabhoomi vs Karmabhoomi 31.8.23; 42. The Ghost Town of Kuldhara 15.9.23; 43. The Tale of Genji 15.10.23; 44. The Soul Connection 1.12.23; 45.Book review: Jungle Nama … a story of the Sundarban 16.3.24; 46. Book review: A Forgotten Chapter 16.5.24;

THE SHILLONG TIMES

ARTICLES & POEMS: 1. POEM: HAPPY NEW YEAR 8.1.23; 2. POEM: SPRING 12.3.23; 3. POEM: RIGHT AND WRONG 20.3.23; 4. THE GUSH OF EMOTION—WRITING, 26.3.23; 5. THE NAG MANDIR, 7.5.23; 6. POEM: MOTHER 7.5.23; 7. POEM: RAIN RAIN 9.7.23; 8. POEM: YOU COME ALONE YOU GO ALONE 6.8.23; 9. RAIN RAIN (SECOND TIME) 10.8.23; 10. POEM: GURU TEACHER 10.8.23; 11. POEM: AUTUMN … THE INTERIM HEAVEN 15.10.23; 12. POEM: HAPPY DIWALI 12.11.23; 13. OVERCOMING BLINDNESS: LEARN IT THE JOHN MILTON WAY 10.12.23; 14. THE HAPPY PRINCE AND THE HAPPY MAN’S SHIRT 31.12.23; 15. ANNUS MIRABILIS 2024 7.1.24; 16. GANDHI TO MAHATMA GANDHI- Incidents that Shaped Gandhi in South Africa 28.1.24; 17. POEM: TOGETHER BUT NOT MADE FOR EACH OTHER, 11.2.24; 18. THE BIRDS BEES AND THE SPIDERS OF NICHOLAS GUILDFORD AND JONATHAN SWIFT 25.2.24; 19. THE OVERCOATS OF NIKOLAI GOGOL AND RUSKIN BOND 10.3.24; 20. THE ETHNIC COLOURS OF HOLI 24.3.24; 21. A LESSON FROM DALAI LAMA, 21.4.24; 22. POEM: MORNING WALK 28.4.24; 23. TRIP TO RHINE FALLS, SWITZERLAND, 19.5.24;

THE ASSAM TRIBUNE

ARTICLE: 1. THE MAGIC OF READING 11.12.23; 2. GANDHI TO MAHATMA 29.1.24; 3. GEOGRAPHY OF SOLITUDE 8.4.24; 4. A LESSON FROM DALAI LAMA, 22.4.24; 5. A SOURCE OF INSPIRATION, 29.4.24; 6. THE FOUR-LEGGED LIBRARY, 12.5.24;

BANDRA TIMES, MUMBAI

ARTICLES & POEMS: 1. POEM: SPRING, 1.4.23; 2. POEM: MOTHER, 1.6.23; 3. POEM: RAIN RAIN, 1.8.23;

ARTICLES IN THE DIGITAL MAGAZINE ESAMSKRITI

29.12.2020: INDICA BY MEGASTHENES; 14.3.22: ABOUT THE DIMASA KINGDOM ASSAM; 10.12.22: GRAND TRUNK ROAD-UTTARAPATH; 5.10.23: THE GHOST TOWN OF KULDHARA NEAR JAISALMER;

(ALL THE ABOVE BOOK TITLES ARE AVAILABLE FOR SALE ON AMAZON, FLIPKART AND OTHER ONLINE STORES OR YOU COULD EVEN WRITE TO US FOR A COPY)

*****

CAPTAIN POPANILLA THE MODERN GULLIVER’S TRAVELS

February 10, 2024article, book corner, book review, Book review and excerpts, book review, book synopsis, book stall, book synopsis, book talk, book talk,, Uncategorizedatlantic, benjamin disraeli, benthamite utilitarianism, cape of good hope, captain popanilla, catholic monarchs, christopher columbus, gulliver's travels, jonathan swift, kamlesh tripathi, menippean satire, shravan charity mission, the voyage of captain popanilla, vasco da gamashravancharitymission

After over a century of the publishing of ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ came ‘The Voyage of Captain Popanilla’, considered, a modern Gulliver’s Travels. The former was penned by Jonathan Swift in the year 1726 and the latter by author Benjamin Disraeli in 1828. Disraeli, later went on to become the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

But what inspired Benjamin Disraeli to write this satiric sea adventure is worth pondering. Because the two real-life master adventurers and explorers of the world were born centuries ago. Italian sailor Christopher Columbus was born in 1451. He completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and European colonization of America in the 15^th century. Vasco Da Gama the Portuguese sailor and explorer was born in 1460. His initial voyage to India by way of the Cape of Good Hope was the first link between Europe and Asia. So did Disraeli get the idea of writing this novel from these two master explorers?

But that apart. The Voyage of Popanilla is an allegorical adventure story describing the surreal voyage of Captain Popanilla and his crew to distant lands and is a satire on contemporary society. It belongs to the genre of Menippean Satire and was influenced by Jonathan Swift’s “Gulliver’s Travels.” The wit is very incisive, and the satire, though it lacks the teeth of Swift’s, is surely rubbing. It contains shades of utopia, in which the author creates a confrontation between an innocent and happy life on a blissful Arcadian island in the South Pacific and the principles of Benthamite Utilitarianism, which Disraeli despised. Obliquely, the narration is a satire on utilitarianism, where the author through appropriations of sea-voyages tries to give a message to England where he later goes on to become the Prime Minister.

The Voyage of Captain Popanilla can also be read as a concomitant sequel to Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels. Using the platform of travelogue, Disraeli describes an imaginary land on which he plants contemporary English vices and follies, particularly the mercantilist mentality of the new commercial middle class. In his narrative, Disraeli incorporates a series of dialogues between representatives of two opposing viewpoints: The utilitarian and the non-utilitarian. The novel also deals with issues such as the protectionist Corn Laws of the late 1820s, the acceptance of silver-fork novels, the economic crisis of 1825-26, as well as the founding of the University College London and the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The author has very aptly tried to expose the downside of utilitarianism through the escapades of the sea voyages of Captain Popanilla. He uncovers the conflict between utilitarian and non-utilitarian in the narration. In the following passage, Disraeli ridicules utilitarianism when he exposes its inherent paradoxes and pitfalls.

‘He also showed that man was not born for himself, but for society; that the interests of the body are alone to be considered, and not those of the individual; and that a nation might be extremely happy, extremely powerful, and extremely rich, although every individual member of it might at the same time be miserable, dependent, and in debt. […] Man is created for a purpose; the object of his existence is to perfect himself. Man is imperfect by nature, because if nature had made him perfect he would have had no wants; and it is only by supplying his wants that utility can be developed. The development of utility is therefore the object of our being, and the attainment of this great end the cause of our existence. This principle clears all doubts, and rationally accounts for a state of existence which has puzzled many pseudo-philosophers.

Popanilla then went on to show that the hitherto received definitions of man were all erroneous; that man is neither a walking animal, nor a talking animal, nor a cooking animal, nor a lounging animal, nor a debt-incurring animal, nor a tax-paying animal, nor a printing animal, nor a puffing animal, but a developing animal. Development is the discovery of utility.’

According to Disraeli, utilitarianism dimwits people by destroying their individuality by reducing them to mere automatons and statistical numbers. The reader may infer that the mechanisation of people and converting them into machines will prevent the natural progression and development of their imagination and emotions.

‘Man’, said he, ‘is called the masterpiece of nature; and man is also, as we all know, the most curious of machines: now, a machine is a work of art, consequently, the masterpiece of nature is the masterpiece of art. The object of all mechanisms is the attainment of utility; the object of man, who is the most perfect machine, is utility in the highest degree.

In Disraeli’s interpretation, utilitarianism allows individual rights and liberties to be sacrificed to maximise the vaguely defined collective welfare.

There is a good comparison one can make between the king of Brobdingnag who laughs at Gulliver, in Gulliver’s Travels and the King who doesn’t understand Popanilla’s lucubrations and laughs at him.

Disraeli, who as Prime Minister led the movement to make Queen Victoria the Empress of the British Empire, here early in his career ridicules British colonial expansion as a commercial enterprise created by sea merchants and adventurers — a clear attack on the East India Company.

In The Voyage of Captain Popanilla Disraeli also ridicules the nouveau riche, principally the rising world of capitalism and industry and by extension the silver-fork novels, like his own book Vivian Grey, which enjoyed great popularity among both servants and middle-class readers. Disraeli laughs at the newly rich called Millionaires (however desperately he wished to become one himself), who do not know how to behave in polite society and need to read books about fashionable life for education.

***

Written by Kamlesh Tripathi

https://kamleshsujata.wordpress.com

Like it and Share it

Shravan Charity Mission is an NGO that works for poor children suffering from life-threatening diseases, especially cancer. Our posts are meant for our readers, including children and adults, and have a huge variety in content. We also accept donations for our mission. Should you wish to donate to the cause? The bank details are given below:

NAME OF ACCOUNT: SHRAVAN CHARITY MISSION

Account no: 680510110004635 (BANK OF INDIA)

IFSC code: BKID0006805

Kamlesh Tripathi’s Publications

GLOOM BEHIND THE SMILE

ONE TO TANGO … RIA’S ODYSSEY

AADAB LUCKNOW … FOND MEMORIES

REFRACTIONS … FROM THE PRISM OF GOD

TYPICAL TALE OF AN INDIAN SALESMAN

RHYTHM … in poems

MIRAGE

(Published in February 2020. The book is a collection of eight short stories available on Amazon, Flipkart and Notion Press)

AWADH ASSAM AND DALAI LAMA … The Kalachakra

BHAVANS JOURNAL

Short stories, Book reviews and Articles published in Bhavan’s Journal: 1. Reality and Perception, 15.10.19; 2. Sending the Wrong Message, 31.5.20; 3. Eagle versus Scholars June, 15 & 20, 2020; 4. Indica, 15.8.20; 5. The Story of King Chitraketu, August 31 2020; 6. Breaking Through the Chakravyuh, September 30 2020. 7. The Questioning Spouse, October 31, 2020; 8. Happy Days, November 15, 2020; 9. The Karma Cycle of Paddy and Wheat, December 15, 2020; 10. Power Vs Influence, January 31, 2021; 11. Three Refugees, March 15, 2021; 12. Rise and Fall of Ajatashatru, March 31, 2021; 13. Reformed Ruler, May 15, 2021; 14. A Lasting Name, May 31, 2021; 15. Are Animals Better Teachers? June 16, 2021; 16. Book Review: The Gram Swaraj, 1.7.21; 17. Right Age for Achievements, 15.7.21; 18. Big Things Have Small Beginnings, 15.8.21; 19. Where is Gangaridai?, 15.9.21; 20. Confront the Donkey Within You 30.9.21; 21. Know Your Strengths 15.10.21; 22. Poverty 15.11.21; 23. Top View 30.11.21; 24. The Bansuriwala 15.1.22; 25. Sale of Alaska 15.2.22; 26. The Dimasa Kingdom 28.2.22; 27. Buried Treasure 15.4.22; 28. The Kingdom of Pragjyotisha 30.4.22; 29. Who is more useful? 15.5.22; 30. The White Swan from Lake Mansarovar 30.6.22; 31. Bhool Bhulayya 15.9.22; 32. Good Karma 30.9.22; 33. Good Name vs Bad Name 15.10.22; 34. Uttarapath—The Grand Trunk Road 1.12.22; 35. When Gods Get Angry 1.1.23; 36. Holinshed’s Chronicles 15.1.23; 37. Theogony 15.2.23; 38. Poem: Mother 14.5.23; 39. THE NAG MANDIR 30.6.23; 40. The Story of Garuda 30.7.23; 41. Janmabhoomi vs Karmabhoomi 31.8.23; 42. The Ghost Town of Kuldhara 15.9.23; 43. The Tale of Genji 15.10.23; 44. The Soul Connection 1.12.23;

SHILLONG TIMES—SUNDAY EDITION

ARTICLES & POEMS: 1. POEM: HAPPY NEW YEAR 8.1.23; 2. POEM: SPRING 12.3.23; 3. POEM: RIGHT AND WRONG 20.3.23; 4. THE GUSH OF EMOTION—WRITING, 26.3.23; 5. THE NAG MANDIR, 7.5.23; 6. POEM: MOTHER 7.5.23; 7. POEM: RAIN RAIN 9.7.23; 8. POEM: YOU COME ALONE YOU GO ALONE 6.8.23; 9. RAIN RAIN (SECOND TIME) 10.8.23; 10. POEM: GURU TEACHER 10.8.23; 11. POEM: AUTUMN … THE INTERIM HEAVEN 15.10.23; 12. POEM: HAPPY DIWALI 12.11.23; 13. OVERCOMING BLINDNESS: LEARN IT THE JOHN MILTON WAY 10.12.23; 14. THE HAPPY PRINCE AND THE HAPPY MAN’S SHIRT 31.12.23; 15. ANNUS MIRABILIS 2024 7.1.24; 16. GANDHI TO MAHATMA GANDHI- Incidents that Shaped Gandhi in South Africa 28.1.24;

THE ASSAM TRIBUNE

ARTICLE: 1. THE MAGIC OF READING 11.12.23; 2. GANDHI TO MAHATMA 29.1.24

BANDRA TIMES, MUMBAI

ARTICLES & POEMS: 1. POEM: SPRING, 1.4.23; 2. POEM: MOTHER, 1.6.23; 3. POEM: RAIN RAIN, 1.8.23;

ARTICLES IN THE DIGITAL MAGAZINE ESAMSKRITI

29.12.2020: INDICA BY MEGASTHENES; 14.3.22: ABOUT THE DIMASA KINGDOM ASSAM; 10.12.22: GRAND TRUNK ROAD-UTTARAPATH; 5.10.23: THE GHOST TOWN OF KULDHARA NEAR JAISALMER;

(ALL THE ABOVE BOOK TITLES ARE AVAILABLE FOR SALE ON AMAZON, FLIPKART AND OTHER ONLINE STORES OR YOU COULD EVEN WRITE TO US FOR A COPY)

*****

Shravan charity mission

Our NGO works for poor children suffering from life threatening diseases especially cancer: We cover our blog with short stories, children's stories, articles, book reviews, vignettes, spiritual, episodes, poetry, analysis, news report, general knowledge, quotes for the benefit of our readers.

Category Archives: Book review and excerpts

BOOK REVIEW: ARISTOTLE’S POETICS

THE FAMOUS FIVE … FIVE ON FINNISTON FARM by Enid Blyton

FIVE GO TO DEMON’S ROCKS … by Enid Blyton

Book Review: The New Geography Of Innovation: The Global Contest For Breakthrough Technologies … by Mehran Gul.

Book Review: The Roads of Destiny … by O Henry

Dramatic Ends, Enduring Bonds: A Tale of Three Love Stories published in City Essence magazine

BOOK CORNER: THE FINAL DIAGNOSIS by Arthur Hailey

Book Review: Voice For The Voiceless … Review in The Shillong Times by Kamlesh Tripathi

BOOK REVIEW: A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIMEKEEPING: THE SCIENCE OF MARKING TIME, FROM STONEHENGE TO ATOMIC CLOCKS BY CHAD ORZEL

CAPTAIN POPANILLA THE MODERN GULLIVER’S TRAVELS