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Celebrating 123 years of the English author George Orwell
‘Was George Orwell inspired by the atrocities of the British Raj to write novels like The Burmese Days, Animal Farm and 1984?’
Kamlesh Tripathi
Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950) was an English novelist, poet, essayist, journalist, and literary critic who wrote under the pen name of George Orwell. He was born in Motihari, Bengal Presidency (modern-day Bihar, India). His work is characterised by lucid prose, social criticism, opposition to all totalitarianism (both authoritarian communism and fascism), and support of democratic socialism.
George Orwell is best known for his allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), although his works also encompass literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. His non-fiction works, including The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), document his experience of working-class life in industrial Northern England. Then there is Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences soldiering for the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), which is as critically respected as his essays on politics, literature, language and culture.
Orwell’s work remains influential in popular culture and in political circles. The adjective “Orwellian”, describing totalitarian and authoritarian social practices, is part of the English language, like many of his neologisms, such as “Big Brother”, “Thought Police”, “Room 101”, “Newspeak”, “memory hole”, “doublethink”, and “thoughtcrime”. In 2008, The Times named Orwell the second-greatest British writer since 1945.
But was George Orwell inspired by the atrocities of the British Raj to write novels like The Burmese Days, Animal Farm and 1984? This is an interesting literary question, but the answer is partly yes and partly no.
First, it is true that George Orwell was born in Motihari in 1903, when India was under British rule. However, he left India as an infant and was educated mainly in England. Therefore, he did not develop “Indian instincts” in the cultural sense. He neither grew up in India nor experienced Indian society from within.
Yet India and the British Empire had a profound indirect influence on him. Orwell belonged to a family connected with the colonial administration. Later, as a young man, he served in the imperial police in Burma (now Myanmar). His experiences there deeply disturbed him. He witnessed the inequalities, prejudices, and moral contradictions of imperial rule. These experiences became the basis of his novel Burmese Days and his famous essay Shooting an Elephant.
Rather than being “pampered” by the British Raj, Orwell gradually became one of its sharpest critics. He came to see imperialism as harmful not only to the colonised but also to the colonisers. This realisation shaped his lifelong distrust of concentrated power.
That distrust later expanded beyond colonialism. In Animal Farm, he satirised the corruption of revolutionary ideals and the rise of dictatorship. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, he imagined a totalitarian state based on surveillance, propaganda, and the manipulation of truth. The central theme in both works is not India but the abuse of power. I wonder why he didn’t write a standalone book on Hitler and the Nazis. But he extensively analysed them. He confronted these regimes with two famous works: Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm. He also wrote a piercing review of Adolf Hitler’s book Mein Kampf (1940).
One could argue that Orwell’s exposure to the imperial system helped him understand how authority operates. Having seen power exercised in a colonial setting, he became sensitive to oppression in all forms, whether colonial, fascist, communist, or bureaucratic. In that sense, the British Empire contributed to his political imagination.
A literary critic might therefore say: Orwell did not carry Indian instincts into his novels, but his connection with the British Empire, especially his experience in Burma, helped shape his lifelong concern with power, injustice, propaganda, and political control. These concerns eventually produced works such as Burmese Days, Animal Farm, and Nineteen Eighty-Four.
The deeper link is not India itself, but Orwell’s understanding of how systems of power can corrupt individuals and institutions, a theme that runs through all his major works.
On his upcoming birthday, let us wish for more such writers like Orwell, who could stand up to imperialism, authoritarianism and fascism. Does he deserve an award posthumously? Let’s wait and watch.
Written and posted by Kamlesh Tripathi
Author, Poet, & Columnist
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https://kamleshsujata.wordpress.com
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