THE PLACES OF KRISHNA’S PASTIMES SURROUNDING GOVARDHAN

article, mythology, Uncategorized, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Copyright@shravancharitymission

THE PLACES OF KRISHNA’S PASTIMES SURROUNDING GOVARDHAN

Kamlesh Tripathi

    Krishna had performed his pastimes in many places surrounding Govardhan Parvat (Hill). Noted personage Sri Raghava took Srinivasa and Narottama (icons of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition) to see places near Govardhan where young Krishna performed his pastimes, and he described it to them one by one. It commences with Kusum-Sarovar, a famous pastime spot of Radha & Krishna. Followed by Narad-Kund, where Narad Muni fulfilled his desires by performing tapasya.

        At Ratna-simhasana, Radha is depicted sitting on a throne. Even the incident behind Krishna’s killing of the demon Sankhachuda took place here.

    Pali is a beautiful garden in which Palita-Yuthesvari (Queen Gopi) used to stay. Sri Krishna enjoyed himself with his friends in the holy place called Ata-grama. In a place called Indra-dhvaja-bedi, Nandaraja used to worship Indra. It was here that Sri Krishna would tend his cows and call each one by the melody of his flute.

    Papamochan, also known as Sankarsana-kund, is famous for its sanctity. By bathing here, a person will be freed from all vices.

    In the Parasauli-gram, Radha & Krishna enacted their Rasa-Yatra in the Vasant season. At Chandra-Sarovar, Lord Krishna took rest in his rasa-dress. In the beautiful Gandharva-kund, the Gandharvas were overwhelmed by Krishna’s beautiful songs.

    The devotional hymn from Stavavali and Goverdhan-asraya-dasaka describes how Radha danced with Krishna in the Rasa-sthali.

    In the village of Paitha, when Krishna once hid from the gopis, they all began looking for him. Soon, Krishna appeared before the gopis in his Chaturbhuja (four hands) form. But when Radha arrived, his two hands merged back into his body, signifying that Radha and Krishna were one.

    Pleasant pastimes also happened in Gauri-tirtha. The place within Gauri-tirtha is called Nipa-kund, because it is surrounded by beautiful nipa, or kadamb, trees.

     The next village, Aniyora, is situated on the Govardhan Hill (Giriraj). It is famously known as the site of the original Annakuta festival, where Lord Krishna lifted the Govardhan hill to protect the villagers and ate their offerings, demanding more by saying “Aniyora!”  

    The sacred place called Govinda-kund has many milestones to it. It is located near Aniyora village, and it was only here that God Indra bathed Lord Krishna with Ganges water and milk to seek Krishna’s forgiveness.

         Vraja-Vilasa-stava (A collection of prayers) says, Indra took hold of the lotus feet of Lord Krishna, in the company of a surabhi cow, and performed his coronation by bathing him with the waters of the Ganges River.

    The sacred lake Dana-Nivartana-kund is also located here on the right side of the Govardhana Hill parikrama path. Dana-nivartana-kunda is named after the dana-keli playful pastime, which Krishna enjoyed. It relates to the collection of taxes from Gopis. Vaishnava ascetic Madhavendra Puri stayed here under a tree, and Gopala gave darshan to him on the pretext of bringing him milk. At the end of Govardhan is the Apsara-kund. People who take a bath here are considered very lucky. There are the old palasa trees here. This secluded place is called Syama-dhaka.

    The footprint of the divine white elephant Airavata, belonging to Lord Indra, can be seen on the sacred rocks of Govardhan Parvat. After his defeat, Indra described the glories of Lord Krishna’s mercy from here.

    The Surabhi Kund is a highly revered, ancient sacred water tank and pilgrimage site situated on the Govardhan Parikrama Marg. Established by Maharaja Vajranabh (Lord Krishna’s great-grandson), it is the spot where the Surabhi cow (Kamadhenu) fed Krishna milk to appease his anger.

    Rudra-kund is another beautiful and secluded forest where Mahadeva sat in meditation. Legend has it that it was formed by the tears of Lord Shiva, who was so overwhelmed while meditating on Lord Krishna’s pastimes that he wept profusely.

    Kadam-Khandi is a sacred, secluded forest grove located in Kamyavan, Rajasthan, in the Braj region. It is a revered place for meditation and is closely associated with the pastimes of Lord Krishna and Radha. In Dana-ghati, Lord Krishna took a share of the milk products from Radha while his friends blocked her way.

        Brahma-kund is also situated in Govardhan. It is described in the Mathura-khand. After bathing here, Brahma satisfied Lord Hari. Indra and the other planetary rulers created other lakes nearby.

    On the eastern side is Indra-tirtha, on the south is Yama-tirtha, on the west is Varuna-tirtha, and on the north is Kuvera-tirtha. Krishna enjoyed his pastimes in these locations.

    In Manasa-ganga, Krishna enjoyed his ecstatic boat pastimes. Vraja-Vilasa-stava gives a pristine description of Manasa-ganga, which lies on the side of the Govardhan Parvat. The waves of the river splash against the splendid rocks, lining its shores.

    Situated 26 kilometres west of Mathura. The mere sight of Govardhan Hill and its circumambulation rids one of his material miseries. Govardhan Hill gives unlimited pleasure to Lord Krishna, who lifted the hill with his left hand to curb the pride of Indra and protect the Braj-vasis.

    The Adi-varaha Purana says, ‘Two yojanas (sixteen miles) west of Mathura is the rare teertha named Govardhan. A person who circumambulates this place, named Annakuta-tirtha, does not return to this world. After bathing in Manasa-ganga and seeking darshan of the Deity of Harideva on the Govardhan Hill, and circumambulating Annakuta-tirtha, no heart can remain unhappy. To protect the cows distressed by Indra’s torrential rains, I lifted the Govardhana Hill.’

    The Skanda Purana, Mathura-khand, says that Govardhana Hill is an incarnation of the Supreme God. When the Lord lifted the hill, all the people of Braj were saved from Indra’s torrential rains. Lord Vishnu stays eternally on Govardhan. Brahma, Siva, and Laksmi also reside there. There is no doubt about this.

Written and posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

Author, Poet, & Columnist

*

https://kamleshsujata.wordpress.com

*

Like it and Share it

*

Shravan Charity Mission is an NGO that works for poor children suffering from life-threatening diseases, especially cancer. Our posts are meant for our readers, including children and adults, and have a huge variety of content. We also accept donations for our mission. Should you wish to donate to the cause of cancer? The bank details are given below:

NAME OF ACCOUNT: SHRAVAN CHARITY MISSION

Account no: 680510110004635 (BANK OF INDIA)

IFSC code: BKID0006805

***

Poem: In The Nature’s Lap

Uncategorized

Copyright@shravancharitymission

IN THE NATURE’S LAP
*
Kamlesh Tripathi
*
At the open deck,
Of the nature’s Club,
Under the bright sun,
The slanting sunshine,
And the passing clouds.
*
One gets to hear,
The tuneful chirping of birds,
The swishing of the roaming breeze,
The distant horn of a passing car,
Down below in the foot hills.
*
Nature is still predominant here,
Unlike the giant megapolis,
Where nature has drowned in despair,
And life has worn a new avatar.
*
The big banyan tree,
In the open deck,
Stands firm in silence,
While the hilly roads,
Wind through the mountainside.
*
Nature speaks softly,
In her timeless language,
Of patience, balance,
And quiet perseverance.
*
Yet man keeps adding,
His marks and signatures,
Trying to improve,
What was already complete.
*
The birds know no boundaries,
The clouds carry no pride,
The breeze asks for nothing,
And the hills quietly abide.
*
They teach a simple lesson:
To live and let live,
To take only what is needed,
And always learn to give.
*
As the sun slowly descends,
Behind the distant peaks,
The evening whispers a truth,
That every seeker seeks.
*
Amid the noise of ambition,
And the race for worldly gain,
Nature remains the greatest teacher,
Healing every joy and pain.
*
Be with nature my friend,
For nature will never offend,
Life may have many views,
But nature’s view is the ultimate.
                                      ***

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 6 : OCEANIA

Uncategorized

Copyright@shravancharitymission

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 6
OCEANIA
The Pacific Islands were unsettled by any of the early hominid species, but with assistance from ice-age land bridges, modern humans settled the Philippines, Australasia and elsewhere by no later than 40,000 years ago (long after the earliest known boats). Eastern Polynesia may have been settled by South American sailors following the Humboldt Current. Sophisticated agriculture developed to supplement fishing.
The thousands of islands and huge ocean gulfs between them meant that settlement was uneven; some – such as Hawaii and Eastern Island – remained unsettled until well into the first millennium AD. Isolation helped create significant linguistic diversity; there are not only hundreds of different languages, but several different language families (in civilizations without writing, oral histories were greatly developed). Philologists can chart the linguistic changes, dating the settlement of each island and tracking the rise and fall of loose-knit empires, with religiously potent chieftains and various class systems

***

7/2/26 Book review: Frankenstein Doesn’t Feel 200 Years Old

about authors, Uncategorized, , , ,

Copyright@shravancharitymission

7/2/26 BOOK REVIEW
FRANKENSTEIN DOESN’T FEEL 200 YEARS OLD
    Even if Mary’s creature is now Guillermo’s
    An adaptation of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a Best Picture nominee for the Oscars, for the first time ever. But in the two centuries since Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley wrote her magnum opus, countless plays, poems, novels, comics, PhDs, parodies, alongside many, many films, have been inspired by it. A podcast galore enables you to deep-dive into whichever aspect of this medley you like. Four examples:
    The Director’s Cut-ADGA Podcast
    In a conversation with Bradley Cooper, Guillermo del Toro says that he became a human being at age 7, when he went from church on a Sunday to seeing Boris Karloff crossing the threshold on TV. To be clear, Karloff iconically reprised the role of Frankenstein’s monster in three 1930s films, complete with bolts in the neck.
    Then, at age 11, Guillermo read the novel, and thought, “Oh, that’s not the movie I saw.” He found Mary was “really brutal with the creature”. At age 61, he finally made his own movie. And now, you might think, oh that’s not the book I read.
    The Big Picture – A Ringer Movies Podcast
    Critics Sean Fennessey and Amanda Dobbins discuss how Guillermo’s whole movie career is about becoming increasingly fascinated by the idea that the monster is misunderstood, and must be looked at as just as human as you or I. That’s why, while Karloff is remembered for being terrifying, Jacob Elordi’s performance isn’t about that. It’s about interiority, “tall energy”, forgiving his “daddy”, and a superhero-ness.
    Books in the Freezer – A Horror Fiction Podcast
    Librarians Stephanie Gagnon and Jocelyn Codner note that Mary’s novel has been deeply injected into a popstream that isn’t always about high philosophy!
The 2024 romance-horror Lisa Frankenstein has a troubled teenager hooking up with a reanimated Victorian-era corpse. The 1990 absolutely bonkers and campy Frankenhooker is about a medical school dropout resurrecting his finance with the help of prostitutes’ body parts. The 2015 young adult novel The Dark Descent of Elizabeth Frankenstein is a retelling from the point of view of Frankenstein’s fiancee.
The 1986 Gothic is an origin-story film, psychologising the real-life episode where Mary, Percy Shelly, and John Polidori were stuck at Byron’s villa on Lake Geneva, and bet on who could write the scariest ghost story.
Science Fiction
Storyteller Damien Walter thinks of the four of them as a kind of goth band, with Mary as the lead singer. She is just 19 when she writes Frankenstein (in less than a year), and invents the mad scientist and his Other archetypes.
Her prolific later career would include The Last Man, which invents the apocalyptic novel, about the near-extinction of humanity by a global plague. Btw that Lake Geneva holiday also saw Polidori creating the short story The Vampyre, which too was the start of a genre that would grow and grow.
But, Walter argues, it is Frankenstein that is the new myth for the age of science, where humans are no longer thinking of themselves as made in God’s image, but as products of evolution, as machines of flesh and blood. Mary is writing for people whose world is being turned upside down by experiments in electricity and the factories of the Industrial Revolution. And as science advances into AI, Frankenstein still remains the blueprint and warning. What have I done?

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 5: ICE AGES

article, Uncategorized, , , , , , ,

Copyright@shravancharitymission

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 5
ICE AGES


The Pleistocene era (beginning 2.58 million years ago) saw several phases in which Earth’s mean temperature dropped and the polar icecaps expanded towards the tropics. These are clustered into four broad ice ages- periods with cool temperatures and a significant continental ice sheet (at times, up to one-third of Earth’s land surface was covered), separated by interglacial periods of 10-15 millennia.
Nomadic humans, with fire, weapons and language, were able to hunt across the tundra and secure caves in which to shelter. Their prey needed larger areas to forage, causing humanity to spread widely in pursuit. Falling sea levels opened up land bridges across today’s oceans -most significantly, the Americans were populated by humans spreading from Mongolia, while horses evolved in America but migrated east before becoming extinct in their native land. The last significant glaciation came to an end 10,000 years ago. The last significant glaciation came to an end 10,000 years ago, although a climatic cooling of about 500 years from the century AD 1300 has been noted.

Posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

Author, Poet, & Columnist

*

https://kamleshsujata.wordpress.com

*

Like it and Share it

*

Shravan Charity Mission is an NGO that works for poor children suffering from life-threatening diseases, especially cancer. Our posts are meant for our readers, including children and adults, and have a huge variety of content. We also accept donations for our mission. Should you wish to donate to the cause of cancer? The bank details are given below:

NAME OF ACCOUNT: SHRAVAN CHARITY MISSION

Account no: 680510110004635 (BANK OF INDIA)

IFSC code: BKID0006805

***

***

BOOK REVIEW: ARISTOTLE’S POETICS

article, Book review and excerpts, book review, book synopsis, book synopsis, book talk, book talk,, Uncategorized, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Copyright@shravancharitymission

BOOK REVIEW: ARISTOTLE’S POETICS:

Kamlesh Tripathi

    Aristotle’s Poetics, written in the 4th century BCE, is one of the oldest and most influential works of literary theory in the Western tradition. Though originally part of a larger body of work, only the section on tragedy has survived in full. The other parts, especially those dealing with comedy and epic poetry, are largely lost or only referenced in later writings. Despite being incomplete, Poetics has had a profound and enduring impact on how literature, particularly drama, is analysed and understood.

     At its core, Poetics is Aristotle’s attempt to systematically explain the principles of dramatic art, with a specific focus on tragedy. Drawing on earlier Greek drama and the works of playwrights such as Sophocles and Euripides, Aristotle establishes a framework for evaluating and constructing effective tragedies. His method is analytic and empirical. He studies successful tragedies to derive general principles, rather than constructing abstract theories without reference to practice.

    One of the central concepts introduced in Poetics is mimesis, often translated as “imitation.” Aristotle asserts that all art is essentially an imitation of life, but this imitation is not mere copying. Instead, it represents a process of distillation and representation through which the artist conveys universal truths. In tragedy, mimesis takes the form of portraying serious and complete actions that evoke specific emotional responses from the audience.

    Aristotle identifies six essential elements of tragedy: plot (mythos), character (ethos), thought (dianoia), diction (lexis), melody (melos), and spectacle (opsis). Among these, he places the highest importance on plot, defining it as “the soul of tragedy.” For Aristotle, a good plot must have unity, meaning all its parts contribute to a single, coherent whole. It should also possess a beginning, middle, and end, adhering to a logical and chronological sequence of events.

    A key feature of an effective plot, according to Aristotle, is peripeteia (reversal) and anagnorisis (recognition). Peripeteia is a sudden reversal of fortune for the protagonist, often from good to bad. At the same time, anagnorisis is the moment of critical discovery or recognition, particularly of a character’s true identity or situation. These elements are central to achieving the emotional effect that Aristotle sees as the primary goal of tragedy: catharsis.

    Catharsis is one of the most debated concepts in Poetics. It refers to the purging or purification of the emotions of pity and fear that tragedy is meant to elicit. While scholars disagree on whether Aristotle meant catharsis as psychological cleansing or moral-ethical clarification, it is clear that he viewed the audience’s emotional experience as essential to the function of tragedy. By experiencing intense emotions in a controlled environment, the audience gains insight, self-awareness, and emotional balance.

    Character is the second most important element after plot. Aristotle emphasises that characters should be “good,” “appropriate,” “lifelike,” and “consistent.” However, he makes it clear that character is subordinate to plot. It is not the portrayal of character that makes a tragedy powerful, but how the characters serve the unfolding of the action. The protagonist of a tragedy is typically a person of noble status who possesses a tragic flaw or hamartia, a mistake or error in judgment that leads to their downfall. This flaw is not necessarily a moral failing, but rather a misstep that triggers a chain of events ending in catastrophe.

    Aristotle contrasts tragedy with epic poetry, noting that while both share many elements, tragedy is more concentrated and immediate. Epic poetry, exemplified by Homer’s works, can encompass many stories and span long periods of time. Tragedy, by contrast, confines itself to a single plotline and typically takes place within the span of a single day. This concentration, Aristotle argues, gives tragedy a greater intensity and impact.

    Though Poetics focuses almost entirely on tragedy, it laid the groundwork for centuries of literary criticism and theory. The Renaissance saw a revival of Aristotelian principles in the dramatic unities of time, place, and action, which were extrapolated from his emphasis on unity of plot. Later thinkers, including German philosophers like Hegel and Nietzsche, further developed Aristotelian ideas, while modern theorists have both built upon and challenged his assertions.

    Critics of Poetics have pointed out its limitations, especially its narrow focus on a particular type of Greek tragedy. Aristotle privileges structure and form over thematic depth or emotional complexity in character, which contrasts with later literary traditions that emphasise character development or social commentary. Moreover, his prescriptions for drama may seem rigid when applied to diverse literary forms across cultures and time periods.

    Nevertheless, the enduring influence of Poetics lies in its pioneering effort to systematise literary analysis. Aristotle’s emphasis on structure, causality, and emotional effect continues to inform the way stories are told and understood, not only in literature but also in film, theatre, and even narrative psychology.

    In conclusion, Poetics is a milestone in the study of literature. Aristotle’s dissection of tragedy into its constituent elements and his articulation of how and why it works remain relevant even today. While the specifics of dramatic art have evolved, the core questions that Aristotle raised about the nature of art, the function of narrative, and the emotional impact of storytelling continue to resonate in contemporary discourse.

Written and posted by Kamlesh Tripathi

Author, Poet, & Columnist

*

https://kamleshsujata.wordpress.com

*

Like it and Share it

*

Shravan Charity Mission is an NGO that works for poor children suffering from life-threatening diseases, especially cancer. Our posts are meant for our readers, including children and adults, and have a huge variety of content. We also accept donations for our mission. Should you wish to donate to the cause of cancer? The bank details are given below:

NAME OF ACCOUNT: SHRAVAN CHARITY MISSION

Account no: 680510110004635 (BANK OF INDIA)

IFSC code: BKID0006805

***

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 4 NEANDERTHALS

Uncategorized

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 4
NEANDERTHALS
Homo neanderthalensis’s close affinity to modern humans and European stronghold meant that it was the first fossil hominid to attract attention (discovered in Germany’s Neander valley in 1857). The Neanderthals seen to have settled after the first wave of hominid migration from Africa and to have persisted until about 40,000 years ago. Homo sapiens, meanwhile, may have arrived from Africa 60,000 years ago, so could have played a major role in Neanderthal extinction. DNA evidence for interbreeding is as yet inconclusive.
Scientists originally surmised that Neanderthals were unintelligent, hunchbacked beings, largely because one of the first skeletons found was of an arthritic man. More recent finds have shown that they were physically powerful, and evidence is increasing of abstract reasoning and large cerebral capacity. Physically capable of limited speech, they had sophisticated flint tools and religious rites –many burial sites have been found